\u6bd4\u8f03\uff1a\u4e26\u884c\u51e6\u7406\u3000- Java \u3068Scala \u3068Go -<\/a>\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3001\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u3059\u308b\u8a18\u4e8b\u3092\u66f8\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8a18\u4e8b\u4e2d\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u3001Scala\u3067\u306fOption\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001Java 8 \u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306e\u65b9\u3067\u306f\u300cnull\u300d\u306e\u51e6\u7406\u3092\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3001\u30ec\u30d3\u30e5\u30fc\u30a2\u306b\u6307\u6458\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\u300cJava 8 \u306e\u65b9\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u3067Optional \u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u306e\u306f\u3001\u308f\u3056\u3068\u3067\u3059\u304b\uff1f\u300d<\/p>\n
... \u3059\u307f\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002Java\u306f8\u304b\u3089Optional\u304c\u4f7f\u3048\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3093\u3067\u3059\u3088\u306d\u3002\u305d\u3053\u3067\u3001null\u3092\u591a\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u3092Optional\u3092\u6d3b\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u66f8\u304d\u63db\u3048\u3066\u307f\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5909\u66f4\u524d - null \u5224\u5b9a\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0<\/h2>\n
\u4ee5\u524d\u306e\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u7d39\u4ecb\u3057\u305f\u4e8c\u5206\u63a2\u7d22\u6728\u3092\u8868\u3059Tree \u30af\u30e9\u30b9\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n
\r\npackage tree;\r\n\r\nimport java.util.Arrays;\r\nimport java.util.Collections;\r\nimport java.util.List;\r\n\r\n\/**\r\n * \u6574\u6570\u306e\u5024\u3092\u3082\u3064\u4e8c\u5206\u63a2\u7d22\u6728\u3002 \r\n * left Tree\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u5024\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066value \u3088\u308a\u5c0f\u3055\u304f right Tree\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u5024\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066value\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002\r\n *\r\n *\/\r\npublic class Tree {\r\n\r\n\tprivate Tree left;\r\n\tprivate Integer value;\r\n\tprivate Tree right;\r\n\r\n\t\/**\r\n\t * \u5024\u304cvalue \u3001\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u3092\u6301\u305f\u306a\u3044Tree\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\r\n\t * \r\n\t * @param value \u30ce\u30fc\u30c9\u306e\u5024\r\n\t *\/\r\n\tpublic Tree(int value) {\r\n\t\tthis.value = value;\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\tpublic Tree getLeft() {\r\n\t\treturn left;\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\tpublic Tree getRight() {\r\n\t\treturn right;\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\tpublic Integer getValue() {\r\n\t\treturn value;\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\t\/**\r\n\t * \u30e9\u30f3\u30c0\u30e0\u306bTree\u3092\u751f\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002 \u751f\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308bTree\u306f\u3000coef,2coef,3coef,... ,10coef\u306e10\u306e\u5024\u3092\u4fdd\u6301\u3059\u308b\u3002\r\n\t * \r\n\t * @param coef Tree\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u6570\u3092\u751f\u6210\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u4fc2\u6570\r\n\t * @return coef, 2coef, ... 10coef \u306e10\u500b\u306e\u6570\u5b57\u3092\u4fdd\u6301\u3059\u308bTree\u3002\u5f62\u306f\u30d0\u30e9\u30d0\u30e9\r\n\t *\/\r\n\tpublic static Tree createTree(int coef) {\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\/\/\u30e9\u30f3\u30c0\u30e0\u306bTree \u3092\u751f\u6210\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u3001seeds \u306e\u9806\u756a\u3092\u30d0\u30e9\u30d0\u30e9\u306b\u3059\u308b\r\n\t\tInteger[] seeds = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };\r\n\t\tList seedList = Arrays.asList(seeds);\r\n\t\tCollections.shuffle(seedList);\r\n\r\n\t\tTree tree = null;\r\n\t\tfor (int seed : seedList) {\r\n\t\t\ttree = insert(tree, (1 + seed) * coef);\r\n\t\t}\r\n\r\n\t\treturn tree;\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\t\/**\r\n\t * \u4e8c\u5206\u63a2\u7d22\u6728\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u4fdd\u3064\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001Tree tree \u306b\u5024value \u3092\u8ffd\u52a0\u3059\u308b\u3002\r\n\t * \r\n\t * @param tree Tree\r\n\t * @param value \u8ffd\u52a0\u3059\u308b\u5024 \r\n\t * @return value\u3092\u8ffd\u52a0\u3057\u305f\u65b0\u3057\u3044Tree\r\n\t *\/\r\n\tprivate static Tree insert(Tree tree, int value) {\r\n\t\tif (tree == null) {\r\n\t\t\treturn new Tree(value);\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\tif (value < tree.value) {\r\n\t\t\ttree.left = insert(tree.left, value);\r\n\t\t} else {\r\n\t\t\ttree.right = insert(tree.right, value);\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\treturn tree;\r\n\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\tpublic String toString() {\r\n\t\tString string = \"\";\r\n\t\tif (left != null) {\r\n\t\t\tstring += left.toString() + \" \";\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\tstring += value;\r\n\t\tif (right != null) {\r\n\t\t\tstring += \" \" + right.toString();\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\treturn \"(\" + string + \")\";\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\tpublic static void main(String[] args) {\r\n\t\tSystem.out.println(Tree.createTree(1));\r\n\t\tSystem.out.println(Tree.createTree(1));\r\n\t\tSystem.out.println(Tree.createTree(1));\r\n\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n}\r\n<\/pre>\n\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u306f\u3001left\u3082right\u3082null\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044<\/strong>\u3068\u3044\u3046\u70b9\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3067\u3059\u306e\u3067\u3001left\u3084right\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u6271\u3046\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u3067\u306f\u6c17\u3092\u3064\u3051\u3066\u5fd8\u308c\u305a\u306bnull \u306e\u5834\u5408\u306e\u51e6\u7406\u3092\u66f8\u304b\u306a\u304f\u3066\u306f\u3044\u3051\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\u5909\u66f4\u5f8c - Optional \u3092\u5229\u7528\u3059\u308b<\/h2>\n
\u3053\u3053\u3067\u3001\u3053\u306enull\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044left\u3084right\u3092Optional\u306b\u5909\u66f4\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308aleft\u3084right\u304c\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u660e\u793a\u7684\u306b\u793a\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n
\r\npackage tree.with.optional;\r\n\r\nimport java.util.Arrays;\r\nimport java.util.Collections;\r\nimport java.util.List;\r\nimport java.util.Optional;\r\n\r\n\/**\r\n * \u6574\u6570\u306e\u5024\u3092\u3082\u3064\u4e8c\u5206\u63a2\u7d22\u6728\u3002\r\n * left Tree\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u5024\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066value \u3088\u308a\u5c0f\u3055\u304f right Tree\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u5024\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066value\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002\r\n *\/\r\npublic class Tree {\r\n\r\n\t\/\/ left \u3092\u6301\u305f\u306a\u3044Tree \u3082\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067Optional\r\n\tprivate Optional left = Optional.empty();\r\n\tprivate int value;\r\n\t\/\/ right\u3092\u6301\u305f\u306a\u3044Tree\u3082\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067Optional\r\n\tprivate Optional right = Optional.empty();\r\n\r\n\t\/**\r\n\t * \u5024\u304cvalue \u3001\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u3092\u6301\u305f\u306a\u3044Tree\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\r\n\t * \r\n\t * @param value \u30ce\u30fc\u30c9\u306e\u5024\r\n\t *\/\r\n\tpublic Tree(int value) {\r\n\t\tthis.value = value;\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\tpublic Optional getLeft() {\r\n\t\treturn left;\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\tpublic Optional getRight() {\r\n\t\treturn right;\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\tpublic int getValue() {\r\n\t\treturn value;\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\t\/**\r\n\t * \u30e9\u30f3\u30c0\u30e0\u306bTree\u3092\u751f\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002 \u751f\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308bTree\u306f\u3000coef,2coef,3coef,... ,10coef\u306e10\u306e\u5024\u3092\u4fdd\u6301\u3059\u308b\u3002\r\n\t * \r\n\t * @param coef Tree\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u6570\u3092\u751f\u6210\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u4fc2\u6570\r\n\t * @return coef, 2coef, ... 10coef \u306e10\u500b\u306e\u6570\u5b57\u3092\u4fdd\u6301\u3059\u308bTree\u3002\u5f62\u306f\u30d0\u30e9\u30d0\u30e9\r\n\t *\/\r\n\tpublic static Tree createTree(int coef) {\r\n\r\n\t\t\/\/ \u30e9\u30f3\u30c0\u30e0\u306bTree \u3092\u751f\u6210\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u3001seeds \u306e\u9806\u756a\u3092\u30d0\u30e9\u30d0\u30e9\u306b\u3059\u308b\r\n\t\tInteger[] seeds = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };\r\n\t\tList seedList = Arrays.asList(seeds);\r\n\t\tCollections.shuffle(seedList);\r\n\r\n\t\t\/\/\u6700\u521d\u306eTree \u306f\u5024\u3092\u6301\u305f\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3001empty\r\n\t\tOptional tree = Optional.empty();\r\n\t\t\/\/seed \u306e\u5024\u3092\u4e00\u3064\u305a\u3064tree\u306b\u8ffd\u52a0\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304f\r\n\t\tfor (int seed : seedList) {\r\n\t\t\ttree = Optional.of(insert(tree, (1 + seed) * coef));\r\n\t\t}\r\n\r\n\t\treturn tree.get();\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\/**\r\n\t * \u4e8c\u5206\u63a2\u7d22\u6728\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u4fdd\u3064\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001Optional treeOption \u306b\u5024value \u3092\u8ffd\u52a0\u3059\u308b\u3002\r\n\t * \r\n\t * @param treeOption Tree\u306eOptional\r\n\t * @param value \u8ffd\u52a0\u3059\u308b\u5024\r\n\t * @return value\u3092\u8ffd\u52a0\u3057\u305f\u65b0\u3057\u3044Tree\u3002\u30e1\u30bd\u30c3\u30c9\u306e\u623b\u308a\u5024\u306fempty\u306b\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3001\r\n\t * Tree(Optional \u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044)\r\n\t *\/\r\n\tprivate static Tree insert(Optional treeOption, int value) {\r\n\t\t\/\/treeOption\u304cempty\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5024\u3092\u8ffd\u52a0\u3059\u308b\u30e1\u30bd\u30c3\u30c9\u3092\u547c\u3073\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u81ea\u8eab\u3092\u8fd4\u3059\r\n\t\t\/\/empty\u306a\u3089value\u3092\u4e00\u3064\u3060\u3051\u3082\u3064tree\u3092\u8fd4\u3059\r\n\t\treturn treeOption.map(t -> t.insert(value)).orElse(new Tree(value));\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t\/**\r\n\t * \u4e8c\u5206\u63a2\u7d22\u6728\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u4fdd\u3064\u3088\u3046\u306bvalue \u3092\u8ffd\u52a0\u3059\u308b\r\n\t * @param value\r\n\t * @return \u81ea\u5206\r\n\t *\/\r\n\tprivate Tree insert(int value) {\r\n\t\tif (value < this.value) {\r\n\t\t\tthis.left = Optional.of(insert(this.left, value));\r\n\t\t} else {\r\n\t\t\tthis.right = Optional.of(insert(this.right, value));\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\treturn this;\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\r\n\tpublic String toString() {\r\n\t\tString string = left.map(Tree::toString).orElse(\"\");\r\n\t\tstring += value;\r\n\t\tstring += right.map(Tree::toString).orElse(\"\");\r\n\t\treturn \"(\" + string + \")\";\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\tpublic static void main(String[] args) {\r\n\t\tSystem.out.println(Tree.createTree(1));\r\n\t\tSystem.out.println(Tree.createTree(1));\r\n\t\tSystem.out.println(Tree.createTree(1));\r\n\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n}\r\n<\/pre>\nOptional\u306e\u30e1\u30ea\u30c3\u30c8\u30fb\u30c7\u30e1\u30ea\u30c3\u30c8<\/h2>\n
Optional \u3067\u66f8\u304d\u63db\u3048\u305f\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u3092\u307f\u3066\u3001\u307f\u306a\u3055\u3093\u3069\u3046\u611f\u3058\u305f\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff1f\u6b63\u76f4\u306f\u3058\u3081\u3066\u307f\u308b\u5834\u5408\u300c\u308f\u304b\u308a\u306b\u304f\u3044\u300d\u300c\u3081\u3093\u3069\u304f\u3055\u3044\u300d\u3068\u611f\u3058\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\u3002\u5b9f\u969b\u3001Optional\u306f\u300c\u3053\u308c\u3092\u4f7f\u3046\u3068\u30b3\u30fc\u30c9\u304c\u3059\u3063\u304d\u308a\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/p>\n
Optional\u306e\u5229\u7528\u306e\u30e1\u30ea\u30c3\u30c8\u306f\u305d\u306e\u5024\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044<\/strong>\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u30b3\u30fc\u30c9\u306b\u660e\u793a\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3059\u3002\u4e0a\u306e\u4f8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u53d6\u5f97\u3057\u305fleft\u3084right\u306fOptional\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3001\u6c17\u3092\u3064\u3051\u305a\u3068\u3082<\/strong>empty\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306e\u51e6\u7406\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u3092\u5f37\u5236\u3055\u305b\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306e\u80cc\u666f\u3084\u610f\u601d\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u958b\u767a\u8005\u306b\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u3067\u304b\u306a\u308a\u5f37\u529b\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30b3\u30e1\u30f3\u30c8\u306b\u300cnull\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3089\u6c17\u3092\u3064\u3051\u3066\u300d\u3068\u66f8\u304f\u3088\u308a\u305a\u3063\u3068\u4f1d\u308f\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\nScala\u3092\u304c\u308a\u304c\u308a\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u304d\u3082\u3001\u6700\u521d\u306fOption(=Scala\u306eOptional\uff09\u3081\u3093\u3069\u304f\u3055\u30fc\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u5b9f\u88c5\u3092\u9032\u3081\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3068\u300c\u3053\u308c\u306f\u9593\u9055\u3044\u306a\u304fnull\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3093\u3060\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5b89\u5fc3\u611f\u306b\u5909\u308f\u3063\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002Java 8\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4eba\u306fstream\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001Optional \u3082\u305c\u3072\u304a\u8a66\u3057\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n
\u88dc\u8db3<\/h3>\n
Java\u306enull\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u30aa\u30d6\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u3092Optional\u306b\u5909\u63db\u3059\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306fofNullable\u30e1\u30bd\u30c3\u30c9\u3092\u4f7f\u3044\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n
\r\nObject somethingThatCanBeNull = someMethod();\r\nOptional